Northeast Agriculture
Agriculture in the Northeast has changed over the years based on changes in the economy. Stonewalls throughout woodlands, representing the boundaries of agricultural fields, are silent reminders of an earlier day. Agricultural history in the Northeast is the story of change, and things are changing again.
New techniques for grass farming offer the possibility for a resurgence of farming in the United States. Intensive rotational grazing or grass farming is a technique that has been perfected in New Zealand and Australia for many years. It consists of using a system of portable electric fence to move animals quite often (even daily) onto a fresh "bite" of grass. This method spreads the manures evenly across the land, gives the best possible nutrition for a ruminant animal, and then rests the land until the next rotation.
As a result, grass is continually being grazed at an adolescent stage when the vitamins, minerals, and protiens are at their best. This method requires quite a bit of skill to work with the weather patterns of wet and dry as well as the seasons. What it does not require is much infrastructure: buildings and equipment are kept to a minimum with the major capital costs being fence, charger, and plastic water line and water troughs. These methods are very different from historic methods but have been tried in the Northeast and actually work quite well.
Why do we have livestock at all?
Don't they just eat the food that would be better utilized by being given directly to people?
Note: The following answer to these questions is from the website of the Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, and is reprinted with their permission. www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/
Agricultural animals have always made a major contribution to the welfare of human societies by providing food, shelter, fuel, fertilizer and other products and services. They are a renewable resource, and utilize another renewable resource, plants, to produce these products and services. In addition, the manure produced by the animals helps improve soil fertility and, thus, aids the plants. In some developing countries the manure cannot be utilized as a fertilizer but is dried as a source of fuel.
Food is, by far, the most important contribution of agricultural animal, although they rank well behind plants in total quantity of food supplied. Plants supply more than 80% of the total calories consumed in the world. Animals are a more important source of protein than they are of calories, supplying one-third of the protein consumed in the world. Meat, milk and fish are about equal sources of animal protein, supplying, respectively, 35%, 34% and 27% of the world supply of total protein.
There are many who feel that because the world population is growing at a faster rate than is the food supply, we are becoming less and less able to afford animal foods because feeding plant products to animals is an inefficient use of potential human food. It is true that it is more efficient for humans to eat plant products directly rather than to allow animals to convert them to human food. At best, animals only produce one pound or less of human food for each three pounds of plants eaten. However, this inefficiency only applies to those plants and plant products that the human can utilize. The fact is that over two-thirds of the feed fed to animals consists of substances that are either undesirable or completely unsuited for human food. Thus, by their ability to convert inedible plant materials to human food, animals not only do not compete with the human rather they aid greatly in improving both the quantity and the quality of the diets of human societies.
Table 1. Characteristics of Agricultural Land
in Various Geographical Regions.
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% of Agricultural
% of Total Land that is
Geographical Total Land that is Cultivated Permanent
Region Land Area Agricultural Land Pastures
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(1000 sq.mi.) (%) (%) (%)
World 50,495 35 31 67
Developed
Countries 21,176 36 33 66
Developing
Countries 29,319 34 29 69
Africa 8,994 37 19 79
Asia 10,334 38 45 53
Europe 1,826 49 55 38
Oceania 3,254 61 9 91
N. America 7,084 27 46 53
S. America 6,771 31 15 81
U.S.A. 3,524 47 43 56
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Source: FAO Production Yearbook
Table 1 presents some statistics that are ignored by those who would suggest that we can no longer afford the luxury of animal foods. Only about one-third of the land area of the world is classified as agricultural. Thus, roughly two-thirds of the land area of the world is not suited for any sort of agricultural use because it is covered by cities, mountains, deserts, swamps, snow, etc. Of the 35% that can be devoted to agriculture, less than one-third (or about 10% of the total land area) can be cultivated and produce plant products that the human can digest. The remaining two-thirds of the world's agricultural land is covered by grass, shrubs or other plants that only ruminant animals can digest. Thus, the inefficiency of animals is not a major concern since they represent the only way these plants can be converted to human food. As the human population of the world increases, it is likely that we will be forced to depend more and more on ruminant animals to meet the increased demands for food. [Our emphasis]
Thus far, nothing has been said about monogastric animals. It is true that swine and poultry can be competitors with the humans for food if they are produced by the intensive confinement systems widely practiced in the developed countries. In fact the highest proportion of feed grains and other concentrates, such as oilseed meals, fed to livestock in the United States are fed to swine and poultry. Current grain prices make this profitable. This obviously could change if grain prices increase in the future. However, the high reproductive rate and favorable feed efficiency of swine and poultry would keep them as important contributors to the diets of humans.
Breeds of Livestock Committee: Udaya Desilva and Jerry Fitch
